Child Physical Abuse (CPA).
1. Use the internet to find a recent example of Child Physical Abuse (CPA).
2. Post a link to the information.
3. What could/should have been done in that case to effectively intervene and prevent the abuse from reoccurring? Examples can include: Child Protective Services, authority intervention (such as teachers) police intervention strategies, and proper implementation of current policies that deal with CPA.
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Miller-Perrin_PPT03_Access.pptx
Child Physical Abuse
Chapter 3
2
Introduction
Case History: Kevin Fell Off His Razor
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Scope of the Problem
Defining child physical abuse is no easy task.
One way to define physical child abuse is to focus on observable harm.
A child who is injured is abused.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Scope of the Problem (Part 2)
Beginning in 1988, the National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect began to include an endangerment standard in addition to a harm standard.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Scope of the Problem (Part 3)
While the harm standard recognizes children as CPA victims if they have observable injuries that last at least 48 hours, children without observable injuries may also be recognized as abuse victims if they are deemed substantially at risk for injury or endangerment.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Definition
Child physical abuse is the intentional use of physical force against a child that results in or has the potential to result in physical injury.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Examples of Physical Abuse
Behaviors include:
Hitting a child with one’s fist or an object such as a belt
Kicking, biting, choking, shaking, or burning a child
Throwing or knocking down a child
Threatening a child with a weapon
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Examples of Physical Abuse (Part 2)
Shaken baby syndrome or abusive head trauma are additional examples of child physical abuse.
The leading cause of death among physically abused children is death associated with some type of injury to the head, referred to in the medical community as abusive head trauma.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Shaken Baby Syndrome
Shaken baby syndrome results when a caregiver violently shakes a child, causing the child’s brain to move within the skull.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Table 3.1: Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused and the Adults Who Abuse Them
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Table 3.1: Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused and the Adults Who Abuse Them (Part 2)
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Table 3.1: Characteristics of Children Who Are Physically Abused and the Adults Who Abuse Them (Part 3)
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Sources: A representative but not exhaustive list of sources for the information displayed in this table includes the following: Berkout & Kolko, 2016; Caselles & Milner, 2000; Chaffin et al., 2004; Crouch, Milner, & Thomsen, 2001; Éthier, Couture, & Lacharite, 2004; S. Graham, Weiner, Cobb & Henderson, 2001; Hartley, 2012b; T. Herrenkohl, Sousa, Tajima, Herrenkohl, & Moylan, 2008; Jouriles, McDonald, Smith Slep, Heyman, & Garrido, 2008; Kelleher et. al., 2008; Mammen, Kolko, & Pilkonis, 2003; Milner, 2003; Sedlak et al., 2010; Timmer, Borrego, & Urquiza, 2002; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS), 2016.
Corporal Punishment
There is considerable debate about whether it should be defined as abusive, or at least unacceptable.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Legal Perspectives
Federal law defines physical abuse as actions that result in “serious physical or emotional harm.”
Child physical abuse is illegal in all 50 states, districts, and U.S. territories, but individual states are left to define the specifics of these guidelines.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Data
According to the most recent figures available from the National Child Abuse and Neglect Data System (NCANDS), approximately 3.2 million children were reported for abuse to CPS in 2014.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Risk and Protective Factors
Child physical abuse victims do not respond to being abused in consistent or predictable ways.
Not surprisingly, the more severe the abuse, the longer it continues, the more frequent, and the greater the number of subtypes of maltreatment experienced.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Table 3.2: Possible Effects Associated With Physical Child Abuse for Children and Adolescents and Adults
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Table 3.2: Possible Effects Associated With Physical Child Abuse for Children and Adolescents and Adults (Part 2)
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Sources: A representative but not exhaustive list of sources for information displayed in this table includes the following: Alvarez-Alonso et al., 2016; Baer & Martinez, 2006; R. Berger & Bell, 2014; Currie & Tekin, 2012; Fuller-Thomson & Lewis, 2015; Gilbert, Widom, Browne, Fergusson, Webb, & Janson, 2009; Gold, Sullivan, & Lewis, 2011; Greger, Myhre, Lydersen, & Jozefiak, 2015; Keene & Epps, 2016; Kleinman, 2015; Klika, Herrenkohl, & Lee, 2012; Lee, Herrenkohl, Jung, Skinner, & Klika, 2015; Lind et al., 2016; Miller-Perrin, Perrin, & Kocur, 2009; Nance & Cooper, 2009; Ouyang, Fang, Mercy, Perou, & Grosse, 2008; Reece, 2011; Rouse & Fantuzzo, 2009; Runyon, Deblinger, & Schroeder, 2009; Runyon, Deblinger, & Steer, 2010; Sachs- Ericsson et al., 2010; R. Schneider, Baumrind, & Kimerling, 2007; Thomas, Hyponnen, & Power, 2008.
Intervention and Prevention
Many strategies have been developed over the years, which focus on the following:
Children (victims)
Parents
Communities
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs
Parent training and support efforts:
One such program is Incredible Years (IY), which targets children with behavior problems and aims to reduce coercive parent-child interactions by providing parents with information about child development.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 2)
Alternatives for Families Cognitive Behavioral Therapy (AF-CBT) is another approach that has been empirically evaluated that targets both physically abusive parents and their children.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 3)
Parent-child interaction therapy (PCIT):
This form of therapy involves behavioral parent training whereby the parent is coached in parenting skills during live parent-child interactions.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 4)
Primary prevention efforts are designed to prevent child maltreatment from occurring in the first place and are often offered at the community level.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 5)
These prevention strategies are typically designed to improve the larger community environment of children either through wide-scale training, information dissemination, or changes in public policy.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 6)
One of the most widely researched community prevention strategies is the Triple P (Positive Parenting Program).
The primary aim of Triple P is to promote family harmony and reduce parent-child conflict by helping parents develop a safe, nurturing environment.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 7)
One promising school-based program is the Chicago Child-Parent Center program, which provides preschool education and a variety of family support services for low-income children aged 3–9 years.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 8)
The Durham Family Initiative (DFI), attempt to expand universal assessments designed to identify families at risk for child maltreatment and then connect them to appropriate community-based services.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Programs (Part 9)
Public Awareness Campaigns:
Another approach to the prevention of child physical abuse, and child maltreatment more generally, is that of educating the public about the problem through mass media campaigns.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Example
The ACT (Adults and Children Together) Against Violence Campaign is an example of a violence prevention media campaign.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Law and Policy
Another strategy in efforts to reduce or eliminate child physical abuse involves criminal justice system responses that target child physical abuse offenders.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Law and Policy (Part 2)
Since the late 1980s, significant improvements have been made in both the processes of criminal investigation of child physical abuse.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
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Summary
The physical abuse of children is a complex problem that is not well understood, despite nearly six decades of research.
Proposed solutions to the child physical abuse problem include both intervention and prevention efforts.
Miller-Perrin, Violence and Maltreatment in Intimate Relationships. © SAGE Publications, 2018.
33
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Child Abuse And Neglect Laws Aren’t Being Enforced, Report Finds : Shots – Health News Almost 680,000 children in the United States were victims of abuse in 2013. And state and local governments aren’t doing enough to report abuse and investigate it, according to an independent study. 
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Child Abuse And Neglect Laws Aren’t Being Enforced, Report Finds
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Child Abuse And Neglect Laws Aren’t Being Enforced, Report Finds 3:41
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Child Abuse And Neglect Laws Aren’t Being Enforced, Report Finds
January 27, 20153:47 AM ET Heard on Morning Edition 
Pam Fessler
Child Abuse And Neglect Laws Aren’t Being Enforced, Report Finds
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Enlarge this image Will Crocker/Getty Images Will Crocker/Getty ImagesLaws intended to protect children from abuse and neglect are not being properly enforced, and the federal government is to blame. That’s according to a study by the Children’s Advocacy Institute at the University of San Diego School of Law, which says children are suffering as a result.
The numbers are grim. Almost 680,000 children in the United States were the victims of abuse and neglect in 2013. More than 1,500 of them died.
Federal officials say they’re encouraged that the numbers are lower than they were in 2012. But children’s advocates say abuse is so often not reported that it’s impossible to know if there’s really been a decline.
“This is just something that’s chronically underreported,” says Elisa Weichel, a staff attorney with the Children’s Advocacy Institute, which published the report Tuesday.
She says abuse and neglect cases — especially those resulting in death — are often not disclosed as required by law. That lack of information has led to other problems in the system.
“It all boils down to having the right amount of data about what’s working and what’s not,” Weichel says. “And when your data is flawed, every other part of your system is going to be flawed.”
“This is just something that’s chronically underreported.”
Elisa Weichel, Children’s Advocacy Institute
Her group has found plenty of flaws. The institute conducted a three-year study and found that not one state has met all of the minimum child welfare standards set by the federal government. Those standards include such things as timely investigation of reports of child abuse. The institute blames Congress and the courts for failing to get involved.
The Department of Health and Human Services, which reviews state programs, declined to comment on the report.
But there’s broad agreement among those involved in child welfare that the system is in desperate need of repair, agencies are underfunded, and caseworkers are often overwhelmed.
“Whether or not individual states can meet a reporting standard to us is not where the emphasis ought to be,” says Ron Smith, director of legislative affairs for the American Public Human Services Association, which represents child welfare administrators.
“It needs to be on making sure that the kids who need assistance are getting assistance, and the families that need assistance are getting the assistance,” he says.
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Smith says state and local officials complain that they spend too much time filling out federal forms and trying to meet requirements that aren’t necessarily best for kids.
Instead, he says, they want flexibility on how to spend federal funds so they can focus more on keeping families together, rather than on helping kids after they’ve been abused and removed from their homes.
Ron Zychowski of Eckerd, a nonprofit company that runs child welfare services in three of Florida’s largest counties, agrees that change is needed. Eckerd has developed a new system to identify which of the 5,000 children under its care are at the highest risk of serious injury or death, so they can fix problems quickly.
“And I’m very pleased to report that in two years we have not had a child death from abuse or neglect in any of our cases,” Zychowski says.
That program is getting lots of national attention, including from a new commission set up by Congress to help eliminate abuse and neglect deaths.
But Zychowski warns, in this field, there’s no silver bullet.
“Bad people will do bad things to children,” he says. “We’re not going to catch them all, and we’re not going to stop them all.”
There was a horrific reminder of that earlier this month. A Florida man was accused of killing his 5-year-old daughter by throwing her off a bridge. Zychowski says the family was not in the child welfare system.
Clarification Jan. 27, 2015
Ron Zychowski with Eckerd, the nonprofit company that runs child welfare services in three Florida counties, says in this report that the family of a girl thrown off a bridge was not in the county child welfare system. There are reports that child welfare investigators had visited the family previously. But according to officials at Eckerd, the company had no active case involving the family.
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